BIOLOGY AND ITS MAJOR FIELDS

BIOLOGYIS ONE OF THE NATURAL SCLENCES which deals with the thing that exhibit the properties of life sclentists ca;; these thing as organisms the word biology has been derved from greek words bios life + logos discourse .formerly living organisms were classtfied into two kingdoms i.e. plant kingdom and animal kingdom the plants were studied under the subdivision botany and animals were studied under subdivision zoology the latest research has discarded the old concept of two kingdoms of living organisms according to modern system of taxonomy living organisms have been classified into the following five kingdoms

1;;      kingdom prokaryotic [monera]\

IT includes almost all the prokaryotes such as bacteria and cyanobacteria

2;;         kingdom portisat;

IT includes all the acellular eukaryotic such organisms  .which  are no longer classifited as animals plants or fungi. E.g. englena paramecium chlamydomonas. Etc.

3;;          kingdom fungi;;

IT includes non-chlorophyllus. Multicellular. Organisms having cell wall coenocytic body called mycelium e.g. agaricus mushroom yeast etc

4;;          kingdom plantae’

IT includes all the chlorophyllus multicellular eukaryotic living organisms having cell wall. e.g  apple sunflower.etc

5;;          Kingdom animalia

IT includes all the non-chlorophyllus multicellular eukaryotic organisms having no cell wall e.g. hydra earthworm man etc

Scientists have discovered and named more than one and a half million species of living organisms which exist in a great variety of forms –shapes and sizes for example the smallest microscopic ones bacteria which may measure no more than   0.0001mm to probably the largest animal wnale in the world which may measure up to 40 meters in length and weight 150 tons and trees redwood tree measuring over 300 feet in height

Modern biology does not only concern with the recognition and classification of these species but also deals with their vital structural and functional aspects this has led to the division of biolgy into a large number of extremely specialized branches some of the major branches or fields of specialtsation in biology are defined below;

Molecular Biology

It is recent branch of biological science that deals with the structure and function of the molecules that form structure of cell and organelles that take part in the biological processes of a living organism(nucleic acids-protein molecule0.

Micro-Biology

It deals with the study of micro organisms [viruses. Protozoans. Etc ]

Enivronmental Biology

IT dea;ls with the study of envtronment and its effects on organisms

Marine Biology

It deals with the study of organisms inhabtting the sea ocean and the physical and chemical characteristic of their environment

Fresh Water Biology

IT deals with life swelling in the fresh waters physical and chemical characteristics of fresh water budies affecting it

Parssitology

It deals with the study of parasttic orhanisms their life cycles mode of transmission and interactionwith their hosts

Human Biology

This branch of bio;ogy seals with all biological aspects of man regarding evolution anatomy physiology health inheritance etc

Social Biology

Social biology is concerned with the social interactions within a population of a given animal spectes spectally in human beings focuses on such issues as whether certain behaviours are inherited or culturally induced

Biotechnology

THIS IS A VERY RECENT branch introduced in biological sciences it deals with the use of the data and techniques of engineering and technology for the study and solution of problems concerning living organisms particularly the human beings 

mester beeb jo

young janretion

 simple

 is my stile

 andaze apna

Way pigeons live in park

When I was a child my old grandmother came to visit us every few years she come to new york city from the island where my parents had been born the part of the island called Haiti [hay tee ] her skin was dark brown and folded into a thousand wrinkles tow thousand wrinkles when she laughed she lived in a town on the southern coast of Haiti that looked out on the Caribbean [

Long ago on the island of Hispaniola on the half that is Haiti there were tow friends gray pigeon and green turtle the played along the beach near to town grandmama come from gray pigeon would pick up a pebble from the beach and fly with it out over the clear bule water of the Caribbean sea then he would drop the pebble in the water and green turtle would dive to eatch it before it hit the bottom

One day the pigeons had meeting they decided to move the whole flock to New York as some of their friend had told them the food was good there and there was much to see and do it was very exciting pigeons from all over started packing up their thing they decided to leave on the next

Gray turtle even landed on green turtles back and said well green turtle  even though you have on wings you can go to New York with me I ii hold one end of a branch in may mouth and you can hold tight to the other end with your mouth then can fly you to NEW YORK now gray pigeon got serious but you must not let go you must not open your mouth for any reason or you will fall

He news got around that a turtle was going to New York A turtle ? yes a turtle the whole town was buzzing with the news the whole country of Haiti was buzzing with the news the whole island of Hispaniola was buzzing

Green turtle turned her head for one last glimpse of her old home what did she see they were so proud of green turtle who was going to New York they cheered they called good bay green turtle good bay grebe turtle

Green turtle choked up with feelings and that’s way pigeons live in central park but green turtle is still in Haiti grandmama finished then she laughed a tow thousand wrinkle laugh now lets send those pigeons back to Haiti

We jumped up from the bench ran among the surprised pigeons until they flew away like a gray black cloud say hi to green turtle for us we cried 

THE DREAM I WOULD LIKE TO DREAM

OUR life is dream we pass through many incident in our life those incidents often pin us in the shape of dream

Dreams some time pleasant and some times they are horrible dreams are the parts of various kinds what we do in our daily life or what we think about any happening it reflects in various ways in dreams the people who make charming plan for their future life see golden dreams

The dreams some time encourage us what ever it is the mirror of our happening or thoughts

I have also seen many dreams but a dream will be remembered ever it was a pleasant dream of my life that was an image of a party which was participated by me it was a colourful and delighted gathering when I reached at my home I felt my self too tired I saw myself standing on a high hill surrounded by lovely country covered with beautiful green and a profusion of the most beautifully coloured flowers I had ever seen

A stream was day flowing in the middle of the grass if was day time and the water was sparkling in the sun light after a few minutes a fairy appearea in front of me and asked me to rejoice in the sky I agreed at once she pointed a carpet and we both got the seat suddenly it started flying and we were roaming about like clouds in the sky we enjoyed four hours and after having being tired we turned down the the earth I saw a grand place and we found ourself surrounded by a crowd of fairies the fairy who was with me was their queen after a moment some fairies started to feed us I was much impressed by their hospitality after having meal we full music some faires started music and some of them were dancing the fairy queen caught my hand started dancing with me

Suddenly I heard a sound and I work up at once it was the sound of my own AL-ARAM.

DIGINITY OF LABOUR

IT IS usually belived that menial types of our house hold work is to be performed by servants only it is absolutely a wrong ides

For example  if a man has carry even a small box from one house to another he would require a labour it is not necessary to have a labour to carry such small and un-heavy thing some people hire rickahow only to pass a furlong way such people think it against their dignity or they feel shame of doing that they argue that dignity and status it is an entirely wrong conception

There should be on shame indoing our own work and no kind of labour is un-dignified

To keep our own house clean to carry thing from market for our domestic need to wash clothes to mend our shoes to repair our clothes and to sweep in our own house are not dignifid tasks if we look into this matter from the correct point of view we shall realize that it is highly respectable to do our own work with our own hands no servant can do our work so well as we can

In all civilized and developed countries many people do their own work without feeling shame we name them activities they are gardening digging and pruning cutting grass sowing vegetables sewing clothes flower making and so on

All great religions of the world have emphasized the dignity of labour most of them used to do their work with their own hand they were never ashamed of labour in this regard the noble example of our holy prophet [S A W S ]are before us

Our holy prophet often mended his shoes repair articles of domestic use washed his clothes and swept his room when the mosque of medina was under construction he carried building material

Our caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr not only did his work but also fetched water for widows and neighbours who were too old to work

Hazrat Umer once carred on his shoulders a large sack of flour for a needy family

Hazrat ALI laboured in the graden of a jew Hazrat Fatima did her all house hold works with her own hands

Sultan nasiruddin earned his by making caps the great mughul emperor Aurangzeb also earned his living by copying HOLY QURAN

These all examples show the dignity of labour. 

Science in the service of ladies

A HOUSE wife says that science has played a remarkable role in the life of a man but it is a pity that it has failed to solve so many social problem it has enormously added to the conforts of man but it das own limitations its methods apply to those which can be observed measured and treated mathematically it has nothing to do with a house wife she has a lot of unpleasant jobs to do at home while pressed suits and engoy such a lot of freetime

A house wife says that she to wash dishes wash clothes and cook for the whole family she has to sweep and clean the house and umpteen other thing to do all this make her look untidy at the end of cannot enjoy her life it is her general complain

On the other hand modern has contributed fine solution to her problem now we have gas and electric stoves inplace of smokay and dangerous stoves no wood to be burnt no smoke or on kerosene oil smell she just presses a button and the fire is ready for her to cook

Now science has blessed with washing machine which has made her job of washing  cloths easy without making her untidy so the work is dons smoothly and save the time immensely another vaccum-cleaner provided by the science which east away all the dirt and dust on the floors and the house wife who uses it may not find a speck of dust on her clothes she has an electrick iron just press a switch and the iron is ready to work

She has pressure at cookers at the same time if she seeks to cook paya curry it is ready for her quick service put all the necessary things in the cooker and keep it on the gas stove and every thing is ready in on time in this way she has not to face danger of burning the fingers or clothes   

There are only a few of new gadegest of science there are so many other things of such labour and time saving devices that modern science has provided for her with the help of machines the house wife can do her household work with out any fatigue for her knowledge she can read literature the literature will also teach her new methods of time saving and labour and making her task lighter and pleasant

In fact science has contributed a lot to solve the problems of housewife immensity as it has helped mankind In generalt 

TURKEY GIRL Y

LONG LONG AGO A YOUNG GIRL lived at the foot of thunder mountain she was very poor with tattered clothing and little to eat She took care of the turkeys in the village called matsaki in return the villagers geve her corn to eat and old clothes to wear she was called turkey Girl

EARLY each morning as the sun rose in the east turkey girl led the turkeys out of their pens acrose the arroyo through the canyon up the mountains and onto the mesa there the turkey would scratch and graze on the dry grass

EVERY evening as the sun faded slowly in the west turkey GIRL LED the turkeys back to the village GOOD NIGHT friends she would say to them as sje penned them up for the night

One evening after the turkey were safe in their pen turkey girl was gathering water at the spring other girls from the village were there but they did not speak to turkey girl they never did but they did much talking abd loughing with each other oh how turkey girl longed to one of them

On this night  turkey girl could not help but here their talk the feast of the sacred bird will be held in hawikuh in four days

Some of the girl almost squealed with delight we are all invited there was more excited hihhling turkey girl knew she was not inviled she held her head as if she did not care  

One  morning of the feast the villagers hurried getting ready for the ccelebraction cthen  left early for hawikuh everyone left turkey girl she did as she always did with one small change this morning she cried as she led the turkey out of the village across the arroyo through the canyon and up the mountain

The turkey girl dropped to the ground in the disbelief was she dreaming again?still it seemed so real she looked at the gobbler and asked

HOW is it that you can speak?           WE have many secrets answered the old gobbler

TURKEY girl wiped away her tears and smiled I should have guessed she said you have many secrest BUT I have none What you see not be going to the feast

SHE was beautifl the villagers from matsaki wondered who this person was and where she had come from  the could not stop looking at be close to her AT last TURKEY girl was welcomed by her people

TURKEY GIRL danced in every dance but she did not forget her turkey frinds AS the music began to fade she prepared to go back to them before she leave HOW could she end the most wonderful day of her life she stayed  for one more dance

TOO LATE her beloved turkeys were gone Nothing but silence the turkey thinking their firend had promise had left the village as turkey girl stood broken her loneliness her beautiful white dress returned to its tattered and dirty state her moccasins disappeared as did her lost turkey Everything else including her beloved firend was gone

TURKEY GIRL had not kept her word ever since then turkey have lived apartsfrom people 

Visit moen jo daro

It is a great experience to visit a place instorical interest and to look and wonder at the great monuments of the past they recreate the past history before our eyesand on the wings of fancy we fly back into the past for a time

IT was a fine day and our lecturer Mr H.G. moinuddin was discussing about the historical place of the world some of us were interested in shhbi fort some in shahi mosque some in tomb of jehangir some in shalamar garden and most of in moen jo daro do we got a programme to visit moen jo daro

Our lecturer said that moen jo daro is a name of an ancient place the ruins of moen jo daro are about 5000years old it is nearly 400 miles away to the north of Karachi then our lecturer told us that we shall visit this place after three days

Three days later we went to moen jo daro early in  the morning by bus as we approached the moen jo daro the great gate way of cement stone covered all over with sentences in English and urdu a few steps ahead there was a handicraft shop where the handicrafts of Pakistan were kept for sale after some momaats we reached he city moen jo daro  

The roads of this city were wide every house had a deep well rooms store room and a servant quarter close by the houses of moenjodaro were made of red baked bricks there was also a swimming poot in the city the drainage system was good the people of this city were hard worker and wealthy whole the city was constructed on hygienic line it should the old civilization of mehran

After passing about four hours we  went to see the museum there were a lot of toys a statue of a dancing girl old posts jewellaries dolls and seal the best find of moen jo daro is a head of a bull perhaps it was used that time as a seal the language of these people is not yet deciphered

Sir jhon marshall an English officer who was interested in history discovered it the government of Pakistan is investing a larg amount for the care moenjodaro

At about 7.00   oclock in the evening we returned back to our house  

ISLAM A PERFEET RELIGION AND IDEALOGY

INTERODUCTION’ISLAM is an ARABIC word which mean submission surrender and obedience AS a religion it stand sfor complete submission and Obedienice to almighty Allah

Sources of Islam’ the real soirce from which all principles of Islam are drawn is the ;HOLY QURAN; REVEALED to our holy prophet Muhammad [SALLAL-LAHO-ALEHE WASALLAM] the other sources are sunnah and ijtehad from which the teachings of Islam and the laws of Islam are drawn

 Articles of faith Islam’’ belongs to five articles of faith the are [1] faith or belief in god [2] faith or belief in existence of Gods angtes [3] faith or belief in the revealing books; [4]faith or belief in all the prophets of God and in the finality of the prophets-hood of Muhammad [S.A.W.S];

[5] FAITH or belief in life after death

FUNDAMENTALS OF ISLAM;’ the fundamental religious duties recognized by Islam are five viz;

1]Kalma Tayyaba its acceptance by tongue and heart,

2]PRAYER

3]FASTING

4]ZAKAT

5]PILGRIMAGE

ISLAM came like flood of light into world it illuminate the entire environment its charm so captivated many that they moved into its fold but those who did not enter its fold were also spell bound they confessed its greatness and paid tributes to it

TWO feature in the creed of Islam have always specialty attracted me one is be God conception the other is its unquestionable sincerety a tremendous-asset in human affairs the religions aspect of them especially after all sincerety is almost and like love covers a multitude of sins

[MAJOR ARTHUR GLYN LEONARD ISLAM HERMORAL AMD SPRITUAL VALUE]

Islam permits on priesthood because Muhammad [S.A.W.S.] HAD TO FIGHT SO BITTERLY against idols

More then most religions Islam peraches the brother hood equality af all races colours and nations within its fold thus Islam is a perfect and universal religion

            ;the mobility and broad tolerance of this creed which accept as God fnspired all the real religious of the would will always be a glorious heritage for mankind on it could indeed be built a perfect world religion

[DUNCAN CREENLEES. M. A.[OXON]THE GOSPEL OF ISLAM ADYAR 1948]

  

fareb

If I WERE A BIRD AND WINGS

;O’ HOW happy I would be if I bird wings when I give free rein to my fancy and imagine such a thing I feel happy indeed it would be a fine thing to posses a pair of wings and fly hight up in the SKY

every body knows that the birds is free from all sort of worries if I were a bird I would freely move every where it would be on tired I would rest I would rest in any place if I would be tired I would rest in any garden NO BODY could force me against my wishe the whole blue SKY  and the whole earth full of sceneries would bemy outing spot I would be free to build my nest any where or at any place it would be atmy will to fly from my nest at any time when I will to feel hungry all the thing of the world will be my dish and I will taste cach and every thing according to my hunger

if i had wings I could go perch on a tower or the head of a statue in some town or go self I will enjoy my self every thing sometimes I have be driven out of my nest by some naughty tellows or my nest may be destroyed altogether

I would also have careful towards the hunters who wanted to catch and hunt me if I made mistake I would be hunted and would be no more in this charming world

Or     if  I had wings I would have to face some burning dangers also such as heavy rains floods and storms but the enjoyment I would have would be so great thate I could face these dangers happily

I would have to carry out nobody others I would be my own master this woundful uciverse full of bright would be my kingdom and I will be the

READING WITH YOUR FINGERS

LOUIS Braille [ loo,ee brayl] was born in a small town in france in 1809. AS a child he loved to help his father make saddles and harnesses ONE day when louis was only three he grabbed his fathers awl,An awl is tool with a long sharp poient the little hand slipped the awl to made a hole in his left eye instead

IF this had happened today doctore probably could have saved louiss eye they would have gotten rid of the infection that was there and they could have dtopped that infaction from making him blind in this right eye too.

LOUIS did so well that he was accepted at the local school at the age of seven HE listened carefully and memorized what the teacher said louis could figure

LOUIS GOES AWAY TO SCHOOL

ABOUT THE TIME LOUIS TEN HIS PARENTS DECIDED TO SEND TO THE national institute for the young blind in paris this special school was four hours from his home

AT first louis was lonely and firghtend at his new school; the other blind boys played tricks on him they stole his food they locked him in the bathroom after a while though they becom his friends

This made book very  big in fact each book had to be divided into 20 volume like an encyclopedia Each volume weighed 20 pounds these books were not easy to feel the difference between such latters as M and N

LOUIS STARTS EXPERIMENTING

LOUIS the teacher at the institute knew louis was searching for a new way to print books they did not expect him to succeed AFTER all he was just a boy-and he was blind AND

AT last louis knew how would his books HE would use a tool called a styus to make raised dots and dashes on paper for three years louis worked on his new system of writing often he worked at night after the other boys at the institute were asleep louis was only 15 in 1824 when he finally showed his new idea to his classmates they loved it they named it after him they called it the Braille method

Louiss invention goes unnoticed

Louis continued to improve his idea he stopped using dashes instead he used from one to six dots to stand for each latter Each latter had a different nambers and placement of dots

In 1826 louis gradusted from the institute then he become a teacher there-at the age of 17’ he also played the organ at a church near the school louis used the mony he carned and all his extra time copy books into Braille he had comeone read books aloud so he could create the words with patterns of dots

NOW BRALLE is used by people all the worlds they send Braille greeting cards use Braille computers and read diretions on elevators in Braille  louis Braille a blind boy just wanted to be able to read has helped millions of other people do so

WAY DO RACCOONS WASH

love and love

HAVE YOU EVER WATCHED RACCOONS >if SO YOU MIGHT HAVE SEEN THEM WASH THEIR food before they eat it you might wonder way these animals are so neat and clean this unusal habit started long ago with the help of bear and fox .

To feed her hungry cubs. Bear spends hours standing in the stream that runs through the woods she is waiting for a fat fish to swim by then she plunges her head into the water and grabs the fish with her sharp teeth  often it twists and flops cnot a slippery fish

Raccoon raised his head and smiled bear could see the mask on his eyes nope I didn’t see a thing

Bear shrugged her huge shoulders her stomach as she headed back to her den on the way she met fox she asked fox

The next morning bear got up before the sun rose she hurried thourhht the dark wood to get her bag of food but it was gone again just then raccoon wandered by

BEAR FOX SAID I KNOW someone else who likes fish and berries

WHO asked bear fox nodded in the direction that raccoon had gone raccoon bear asked but he asid he didn’t tsee my fish

BEAR sighed What can I do I m busy enough  feeding my cubs I don’t want to feed raccoon too FOX smiled I have an idea  hide another fish tomorrow how can that help bear asked raccoon will just it again

best disine

DIL PUKAR